Artwork is a general term used to describe visual art that is in a physical form. This includes paintings, sculptures, architecture, mosaics, ceramics, and more.
When citing artwork, citations must include the following information:
If you have other relevant information about the artwork such as size or medium, include that as well.
If you insert an image into your paper, put the citation information in a caption under the image instead of in a footnote. If you just refer to the image, put the citation information in a footnote.
There is no set format for captions. Below is a recommended approach to creating captions.
How to create a caption:
See this help sheet from the Chicago Manual of Style Website to see an example of an image placed in a paper.
Examples with description:
Figure 1. Anti-capitalism protest near St. Paul's Cathedral. Photograph taken by Julian Walker, Protest, October 21, 2011, Flickr. Accessed May 27, 2021, https://www.flickr.com/photos/29093311@N03/6268956289.
Figure 2. This art object was excavated in the tomb of Queen Meritamun in Egypt. Worker Shabti of Nany, ca. 1050 B.C., Faience, 8.6 x 3.2 x 2.1 cm, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, accessed May 29, 2021, https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/625909.
Examples without description:
Figure 3. Marco d'Oggiono, Girl with Cherries, ca. 1491-95, oil on wood, 48.9 x 37.5 cm, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, accessed May 29, 2021, https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/437332.
Figure 4. Gerhard Mercator, Peregrinatio Israelitaru in deserto, "Europeana," 1608, accessed May 29, 2021, https://www.europeana.eu/en/item/318/marc_nli_002368761.
1. Creator's First Name Last Name, Title of Artwork, Date of Creation, Other relevant information such as size or medium [if known], Location of Artwork, in Title of Book: Subtitle if Any, Edition if given and is not first edition, by Textbook Author's First Name Last Name (Place of publication: Publisher, Year), Page Number.
Bibliography Entry:
Creator's Last Name, First Name. Title of Artwork, Date of Creation, Other relevant information such as size or medium [if relevant], Location of Artwork. In Title of Book: Subtitle if Any. Edition if given and is not first edition, by Textbook Author's First Name Last Name, Page Range of Chapter or Part. Place of publication: Publisher, Year.
If the book has an editor instead of an author, use the editor's name and replace "by" with "edited by".
Footnote Example |
1. Leonardo Da Vinci, Last Supper, 1498, Santa Maria della Grazie, Milan, in Great Paintings of the Western World, by Alison Gallup, Gerhard Gruitrooy, and Elizabeth M. Weisberg (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1998), 223. |
Shortened Footnote Example |
2. Da Vinci, Last Supper, 223. |
Bibliography Entry Example |
Da Vinci, Leonardo. Last Supper, 1498, Santa Maria della Grazie, Milan. In Great Paintings of the Western World, by Alison Gallup, Gerhard Gruitrooy, and Elizabeth M. Weisberg, 223. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1998. |
1. Creator's First Name Last Name, Title of Artwork, Date of Creation, Other relevant information such as size or medium [if known], Location of Artwork, accessed Access Date, URL.
Bibliography Entry:
Creator's Last Name, First Name. Title of Artwork, Date of Creation, Other relevant information such as size or medium [if known], Location of Artwork. Accessed Access Date. URL.
Footnote Example |
1. Leonardo Da Vinci, Last Supper, 1498, Santa Maria della Grazie, Milan, accessed May 15, 2021, www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/early-europe-and-colonial-americas/renaissance-art-europe-ap/a/leonardo-last-supper. |
Shortened Footnote Example |
2. Da Vinci, Last Supper. |
Bibliography Entry Example |
Da Vinci, Leonardo. Last Supper, 1498, Santa Maria della Grazie, Milan. Accessed May 15, 2021. www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/early-europe-and-colonial-americas/renaissance-art-europe-ap/a/leonardo-last-supper. |
1. Creator's First Name Last Name, Title of Artwork, Date of Creation, Other relevant information such as size or medium [if known], Name of Museum or Gallery Where Artwork is Located, accessed Access Date, URL.
Bibliography Entry:
Creator's Last Name, First Name. Title of Artwork, Date of Creation, Other relevant information such as size or medium [if known], Name of Museum or Gallery Where Artwork is Located. Accessed Access Date. URL.
Footnote Example |
1. Filippo Lippi, Portrait of a Woman with a Man at a Casement, ca. 1440, tempera on wood, 64.1 x 41.9 cm, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, accessed May 21, 2021, https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/436896?searchField=All&sortBy=Relevance&ft=Fra+Filippo+Lippi&offset=0&rpp=20&pos=1. |
Shortened Footnote Example |
2. Lippi, Portrait of Woman. |
Bibliography Entry Example |
Filippo Lippi, Portrait of a Woman with a Man at a Casement, ca. 1440, tempera on wood, 64.1 x 41.9 cm, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Accessed May 21, 2021. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/436896?searchField=All&sortBy=Relevance&ft=Fra+Filippo+Lippi&offset=0&rpp=20&pos=1. |
1. Creator's First Name Last Name, Title of Image, Date of Creation, Other relevant information such as size or medium [if known], Name of Specialized Database or Online Image Library, accessed Access Date, URL.
Bibliography Entry:
Creator'sLast Name, First Name. Title of Image, Date of Creation, Other relevant information such as size or medium [if known], Name of Specialized Database or Online Image Library. Accessed Access Date. URL.
Footnote Example |
1. Elizabeth Montizambert, Marjorie Howard Futcher Standing with Dog, 1900, black and white photograph, 9.4 x 11.6 cm, The Marjorie Howard Futcher Photo Collection, McGill University, accessed May 21, 2021, https://digital.library.mcgill.ca/futcher/large/FUT1_002-001_P.jpg. |
Shortened Footnote Example |
2. Montizambert, Marjorie Howard Futcher. |
Bibliography Entry Example |
Montizambert, Elizabeth. Marjorie Howard Futcher Standing with Dog, 1900, black and white photograph, 9.4 x 11.6 cm, The Marjorie Howard Futcher Photo Collection, McGill University. Accessed May 21, 2021. https://digital.library.mcgill.ca/futcher/large/FUT1_002-001_P.jpg. |
1. Creator's First Name Last Name, Title of Image, Date of Creation, Name of Image Sharing Site, accessed Access Date, URL.
Bibliography Entry:
Creator's Last Name, First Name. Title of Image, Date of Creation, Name of Image Sharing Site. Accessed Access Date. URL.
Footnote Example |
1. Julian Walker, Protest, October 21, 2011, Flickr. Accessed May 27, 2021, https://www.flickr.com/photos/29093311@N03/6268956289. |
Shortened Footnote Example |
2. Jezequel, France. |
Bibliography Entry Example |
Julian Walker. Protest, October 21, 2011, Flickr. Accessed May 27, 2021. https://www.flickr.com/photos/29093311@N03/6268956289. |
1. Map Author's First Name Last Name, Title of Map, Scale [if given], in Title of Book: Subtitle if Any, Edition if given and is not first edition, by Book Author's First Name Last Name (Place of publication: Publisher, Year), Page Number.
Bibliography Entry:
Map Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of Map. Scale [if given]. In Title of Book: Subtitle if Any. Edition if given and is not first edition, by Book Author's First Name Last Name, Page Range of Chapter or Part. Place of publication: Publisher, Year.
Maps may have corporate rather than individual authors (such as Centre for Topographic Mapping). In this case, you do not invert the name in the bibliography entry.
Footnote Example |
1. Collins Geo, Access to Water, Scale ca. 1:100,000,000, in Atlas of Global Development, 3rd edition, by The World Bank (Glasgow: HarperCollins, 2011), 110. |
Shortened Footnote Example |
2. Collins Geo, Access to Water, 111. |
Bibliography Entry Example |
Collins Geo. Access to Water. Scale ca. 1:100,000,000. In Atlas of Global Development. 3rd edition, by The World Bank, 110-111. Glasgow: HarperCollins, 2011. |
1. Map Author's First Name Last Name, Title of Map, Scale [if given], in "Title of Article," by Author's First Name Last Name, Name of Journal Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): Page Number of Exact Citation, https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.
Bibliography Entry:
Map Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of Map. Scale [if given]. In "Title of Article," by Author's First Name Last Name. Name of Journal Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): First Page Number of Article-Last Page Number of Article. https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.
Footnote Example |
1. Hugh Clout, Figure 2: France: Types of Countryside, in "Rural France in the New Millennium: Change and Challenge," by Hugh Clout, Geography 91, no. 3 (2006): 207, https://doi.org/10.1080/00167487.2006.12094168. |
Shortened Footnote Example |
2. Clout, Figure 2, 207. |
Bibliography Entry Example |
Clout, Hugh. Figure 2: France: Types of Countryside. in "Rural France in the New Millennium: Change and Challenge," by Hugh Clout. Geography 91, no. 3 (2006): 205-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/00167487.2006.12094168. |
1. Map Author's First Name Last Name, Title of Map, Scale [if given], "Title of Website," Publication Date, accessed Access Date, URL.
Bibliography Entry:
Map Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of Map. Scale [if given]. "Title of Website." Publication Date. Accessed Access Date. URL.
Any map presented as a digital image can be cited using this format, including historical maps.
Footnote Example |
1. Lindgren Brothers, A Hysterical Map Of The Yellowstone Park And The Jackson Hole Country, "David Rumsey Map Collection," 1611, accessed May 25, 2021, https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~263537~5524268. |
Shortened Footnote Example |
2. Lindgren Brothers, Hysterical Map. |
Bibliography Entry Example |
Lindgren Brothers. A Hysterical Map Of The Yellowstone Park And The Jackson Hole Country. "David Rumsey Map Collection." 1611. Accessed May 25, 2021. https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~263537~5524268. |
If you insert an image generated by DALL-E into your assignment, include a caption for it directly below the image, using the following formatting:
Fig. Number. “Full text of prompt,” image generated by OpenAI’s DALL-E version number, Month Day, Year. |
Example:
Fig. 1. “Create an Impressionist-style image of a basket of five kittens,” image generated by OpenAI’s DALL-E 3, September 19, 2024.
Bibliography Entry:
The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th Edition, does not recommend including a bibliography entry for images generated using DALL-E, unless you are able to include a publicly available URL for the image. If you do include a bibliography entry, use the following formatting:
Bibliography Entry Example |
DALL-E. Response to “Full text of prompt.” OpenAI. Month Day, Year. Publicly available URL. Example: DALL-E. Response to “Create an Impressionist-style image of a basket of five kittens.” OpenAI. September 19, 2024. Note: We were unable to generate a publicly available URL for the image above, which is why there is no URL in this example citation. |