There are two ways to integrate others' research into your assignment: you can paraphrase or you can quote.
Paraphrasing is when you reword a passage from someone else's work, expressing the ideas in your own words, not just changing a few words here and there. You must include a footnote number at end of the paraphrased section and a footnote at the bottom of the page.
Quoting is when you copy a selection from someone else's work, phrasing it exactly it was originally written. When quoting, you place quotation marks (" ") around the selected passage to show where the quote begins and where it ends. You must include a footnote number at end of the quotation and a footnote at the bottom of the page.
Each time you refer to a source in your writing, whether through a direct quote, paraphrase, or summary, you must include a corresponding footnote that provides bibliographic information about the original source.
Whenever you refer to material from a source, you must insert a "footnote number" at the end of the paraphrased section or direct quotation. This directs readers to a corresponding footnote (with the same footnote number) at the bottom of the page on which the reference to the source is made. The first footnote number will be 1, the second will be 2, and so on. In the body of your text you use superscript (like this1) for the footnote number, while in the footnote you use a regular number followed by a period.
For examples of footnotes, see the box called "Examples of Full Footnotes Followed by Shortened Footnotes" further down this page.
In Chicago style, the first time you cite a particular source you must provide a full footnote citation. If you refer to the same source again in your paper, you do not need to repeat the same full citation. Instead, you provide a shortened version of the footnote, which includes enough information for the reader to find the full citation in your bibliography or in an earlier footnote.
Shortened footnotes should include the author’s last name, a shortened version of the title (if longer than four words), and any other directing information, such as page numbers (when available).
For examples of shortened footnotes, see the box called "Examples of Full Footnotes Followed by Shortened Footnotes" further down this page.
1. Krithika Srinivasan and Rosemary Collard, "Nature Without Conservation," Current History 122, no. 847 (November 2023): 290.
2. The Squamish Nation. Tiná7 Cht Ti Temíxw: We Come From This Land: A Walk Through the History of the Squamish People (Vancouver, B.C.: Page Two, 2024), 219.
3. Jeff Yang, "Minding the Gap," in The Golden Screen: The Movies that Made Asian America (New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, 2023), 155.
4. Srinivasan and Collard, "Nature Without Conservation," 293.
5. The Squamish Nation, Tiná7 Cht Ti Temíxw, 223.
6. Yang, "Minding the Gap," 156.
When you quote directly from a source, enclose the quoted section in quotation marks. Add a footnote number at the end of the quote. The footnote number should be in superscript, and be placed after any punctuation, like this:
"Here's a direct quote."1
Example:
The outcome of Tsilhqot'in Nation v. British Columbia "will help ensure that no company can come into First Nations territory to log, mine, or explore for oil and gas without seeking agreement."1
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1. Annette Sorensen and Scott van Dyk, Indigenous Perspectives on Business Ethics and Business Law in British Columbia (Victoria, BC: BCCampus, 2022), chap. 12, https://opentextbc.ca/indigenousperspectivesbusiness/.
When you write information or ideas from a source in your own words, cite the source by adding a footnote number at the end of the paraphrased portion. The footnote number should be in superscript, and be placed after any punctuation, like this:
This is a paraphrase.1
Example:
Research suggests that volunteers who are given suggestions of how many hours to volunteer each week, in order to meet the overall time commitment requirements, end up volunteering more hours than those who were only given a vague suggestion.1
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1. Aneesh Rai et al., "Accomplishing Big Goals," Scientific American, May 2024, Academic Search Ultimate.
Note: This source has no page numbers, so page numbers are left out of the footnote.
If your quotation is longer than five lines, or more than 100 words, it is a considered a long quotation. This can also be referred to as a block quotation. Long quotations should be single-spaced, with a blank line inserted before and after the quotation to separate it from the rest of your text.
Rules for Long Quotations
There are 3 rules that apply to long quotations that are different from regular quotations:
Example of a Long Quotation
The logic used by conservationists to justify the protection--or destruction--of different forms of non-human life tends to be quite fragile:
Conservation has as its aim the independent flourishing of nonhuman life, but in reality, non-human abundance that is not engineered by human society invites responses of suppression. Ambivalence toward autonomous nonhuman flourishing can be seen in dominant conservationist responses to those animals that do manage to thrive in the human-dominated landscapes that characterize today’s Earth. Such organisms are more often than not reviled and suppressed as pests, invasive species, vectors of disease, or simply not 'valuable.'1
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1. Krithika Srinivasan and Rosemary Collard, "Nature Without Conservation," Current History 122, no. 847 (November 2023): 293.